LJ, JK, KK, Vocabulary: 1. Bedouins: Nomadic herders (used camels to cross deserts for seasonal pastureland) 2.The Quran:The sacred text of Islam 3. Islam: The religion of one who "submits themselves to God"; meaning "submission" 4. Muslim:One who submits; follows Islam 5. Mecca:Birthplace of Muhammad, where he left to Yathrib because of threat of murder, and the peoples' fear of neglecting idols and disturbing pilgrim trade; (returned to Mecca in 630 to destroy idols) 6. Beliefs of Islam:
monotheistic
People are responsible for their own actions; ie: person stands before God on "Judgment Day", either going to Hell for punishment or paradise
no official priests
7. Five Duties (Pillars):
Declaration of Faith: Must worship one God - Allah, and Muhammad-the messenger
Daily Prayer- Ritual of washing the face and then praying while facing the city of Mecca: 5 times: Morning, noon, afternoon, sundown (evening), before bed
Giving charity to the poor- recognizing that Muslims have more than others; follow Allah's wishes of giving to those who are in need
Fasting from sunrise to sunset during Ramadan (the holy month for Muslims)
Going on the Hajj (Pilgrimage to Mecca) during your lifetime if able- reenact Muhammad's journey to Mecca
8. People of the Book: Jews and Christians referred to in the Quran; spiritually superior to polytheistic idol worshipers 9. Sharia:The Islamic system of law that regulates moral conduct, family life, business practices, government, and other aspects of the community; interpreted by Quran........ KK 10. Caliph: Successor to Muhammad 11. Sunni: The branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad; believe that caliphs should be chosen as leaders 12. Shiites:The branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad; believe that caliphs should be descendants, divinely inspired to be leaders 13. Schism:A split or division, especially a formal split within a Christian church 14. Sufis: Muslim mystics who sought communion with God through meditation, fasting, and other rituals 15. Umayyads:A dynasty that ruled the Muslim Empire from 661 to 750 and later established a kingdom in al-Andalus 16. Sultan:An authority in the Muslim world 17. Dar al-Islam:House/abode of Islam, peace; area that linked diverse people through Islam. 18. Sakk: Arabic word for a check - developed system of banks, checks, credit 19. Calligraphy: The art of beautiful handwriting - used on art, wrote verses of Quran in calligraphy 20. Arabesque:An intricate design composed of curved lines that suggest floral shapes; pattern used on rugs, glass...LJ 21. Al-jabr:Arabic word for Algebra - developed by al-Khwarizmi 22. Hindu-Muslim differences -
Hindu: older religion, many texts, polytheistic; caste system (little social mobility)
Muslim: newer religion, 1 text (Quran), monotheistic; equal rights for women (social mobility)
23. Suleiman the Magnificent -Ottoman sultan during Golden Age - "lawgiver", conquered land, ruled largest empire, strengthened government. 24. Mosque - (masjids) houses of worship 25. Allah - Muslim word for God 26. Hijra -Muhammad's journey from Mecca to Yathrib 27. Medina - means "City of the Prophet of Allah"; where Muhammad controlled from after hijra; where Muhammad was buried - JK 28. Muhammad- The creator of this new form of religion: Islam, the messenger of God: heard the voice of God in the cave; was a merchant in his time, soon after, merchants became respected among Muslims because of him; Main, key idea: Islam continued to spread AFTER the death of Muhammad because of the fact that he took the time to acquaint other cities with his religion DURING his lifetime-KK Major Concepts to Know and Understand: 1.Muhammad's life:
Born in 570 in Mecca
At the age of 25, married Khadija
Was not a supporter of idol worship
Heard the voice of God's messenger, Gabriel in a desert cave when meditating
Converted to Islam--submission to God
Because of a threat for murder, Mecca's people concerned with Muhammad's ways of professing faith without idol use, he traveled to Yathrib (re-named Medina) in 622- known as the Hirja
630: Muhammad returned to Mecca and demolished all idols (in Kaaba)
Died in 632
Faith continued on because he spread the religion of Islam during his lifetime
2. Muslim Golden Age:JK Society and the Economy
Social mobility - status could be improved through achievements (religious, scholarly, military)
Muslims could not be enslaved.
Trade network
Between 750-1350: Caravan trading routes were established throughout the Muslim Empire. Trade also introduced new ideas, such as Arabic numerals, sugar, and papermaking.
Bought on credit, formed banks, system of accounting, checks (The word check comes from the Muslim word sakk).
Manufacturing: Artisans from trade routes produced textiles, leather, steel, carpets. Guilds (association that regulated prices and rules for fair business) were formed for manufacturing (*Note: Guilds did not appear in Europe until the Middle Ages, and were advanced in Muslim society).
Agriculture: Wide variety of produce, herbs were grown and sold. The Muslims organized irrigation systems to be able to grow agriculture in the desert.
Art and Literature
Arabesque - decoration was used to elaborate Mosques.
Calligraphy - beautiful writing was used to write verses of the Quran and decorate mosques.
Quran was used as main subject in literature.
Muslim style reflected Greek, Roman, Persian, Indian styles.
Used domes, arches, and minarets (spire towers) in mosques.
Poetry was used for religion and to glorify Allah.
Stories such as Aladdin, Ali Baba, and The Thousand and One Nights came from Indian, Persian, Greek, Jewish, Egyptian, and Turkish tales.
Learning
Baghdad became center of learning.
Elementary education was based on Quran, Islamic religion, and Islamic law.
Preserved learning by translating texts into Arabic, used Greek and Indian sources.
Philosophy:
Ibn Rushd studied the Greek writings of Aristotle; was forced to live in exile when some thought he contradicted the teachings of Islam.
Ibn Khaldun set standards for studying; take into consideration bias, exaggeration, over-reliability in sources.
Mathematics:
al- Khwarizmi invented algebra (from Arabic al-jabr), wrote a math textbook in 800's that was used in Europe.
Discoveries were used in Europe; ex. Christopher Columbus used calculations for journey.
Medicine
Doctors had to pass civil service (qualifying) exams.
Hospitals were built, traveling physicians treated those who were not near a hospital.
Muhammad al-Razi (chief doctor at Baghdad hospital) studied measles, smallpox; encouraged treating mind and body.
Ibn Sina wrote Canon on Medicine; included 4000 treatments and diagnosis of diseases.
Doctors were able to treat cataracts; made bitter medicines easier to take.
Expansion of Knowledge
Through Spain and Sicily
Christian scholars used Muslim developments in their studies.
Muslim information/texts were used as a standard in Europe.
*Look inside your binder for the "Muslim World Golden Age" Venn diagram that was assigned for homework. It should include advancements made during this time period!
3. Spread of Islam
Armies united under caliphs (first united under Abu Bakr)
Conquered Syria, Palestine, Damascus, Jerusalem, Persian empire, Egypt, North Africa.
711 - crossed Strait of Gibraltar
732 - defeated at Battle of Tours in France
Byzantine and Persian empires had been weakened from fighting, and it was easy for Muslim armies to conquer.
Cavalry warfare- aggressive
Islam had united all conquered areas.
Spain (Cordoba) served as center for Muslim civilization: Scholars, buildings.
4. Appeal of Islam
Muslims allowed Jews, Christians, other religions to live in area, practice own religion.
Spread quickly - God favored
No religious hierarchy
All citizens are equal. - JK
5. The Five Pillars of Islam:
Declaration of Faith
Daily Prayer (5x per day, all facing the city of Mecca-- the birthplace of Muhammad)
Giving Charity to the Poor
Fasting from sunrise to sunset during the month of Ramadan
Journey on the Hajj some point in your life if you are able to do so
6. Hindu and Islam Beliefs: Hindu
Ancient
Sacred texts
Polytheistic
Use of idol worship
Accepted caste differences
Honored Brahmans
Celebrated religious occasions with music and dance
Born into the caste system
Muslim
Newer- more recent
SINGLE sacred text
Monotheistic
Offensive to idol worship
Taught equality of all believers before God
No religious hierarchy
Muslims condemned if participated in celebrations with music and dance-- thought it was a disrespectful practice
No caste system (free within social mobility)KK
7. The Quran:
Muslim book of worship
Contains sacred word of God as revealed to Muhammad
Final authority on all matters
Teaches about God AND provides a complete guide to life
Emphasizes honesty, generosity, social justice
Sets harsh penalties for crimes
In Arabic form
8. Sharia:
Islamic system of law
Interprets the Quran
Applies its teachings to daily life
Regulates moral conduct, family life, business practices, government, etc.
Helped unite many people who converted to Islam
9. Caliphs:
Successors to Muhammad
First caliph = Abu Bakr
Umayyad Empire- wealth flows, causes tensions between rich and poor
Abbassid Empire- ended Arab dominance, helped make Islam a universal religion
Caliph decline due to loss of Abbassid control; independent dynasties ruled seperate Mulsim states, civil wars erupted, caliph's power failed
10.Spread of Trade in Northern Africa:
Muslim religion was spread through kingdoms of Africa
Kingdoms: Ghana, Mali, Songhai, Benin, Great Zimbabwe
Gold and salt trade
Ibn Battuta- traveled to Mali empire, in order to experience ways of prayer at the mosques of Northern Africa....LJ
1. The following question is based on the picture below. For reference to a definition to outside information, scroll up
For another photo of calligraphy, please go to this website to view the image: (Sorry, the COPY PASTE was not working)
LINK!!!!!! Example of Calligraphy
How has the stylistic techniques of Muslim art influenced other countries in our modern-day world?
2. The following question is based on the primary source below; an excerpt from the Quran
" The righteous man is he who believes in God and the
Last Day, in the angels and the Scriptures and the prophets; who for the love of God gives his wealth to his kinsfolk, to
the orphans, to the needy, to the wayfarers and to the beggars...Such are the true believers."
- The Quran
Exerpt taken from The Muslim World chapter packet
a.) In what way does the Quran relate to other beliefs systems we are familiar with? What other pieces of literature can it be related to?
b.) Why has the religion of Islam spread so rapidly and worldwide? What is the main reason for this occurrence? TOP TEN LIST OF KEY IDEAS A GLOBAL SMARTY NEEDS TO KNOW IN ORDER TO BE SUCCESSFUL ON THE EXAM: 1.) A clear understanding of Muhammad's life, the influences he made in Islam, and the long-term effect his religion had made on the world
2.)Five Basic Duties (Five Pillars)( See above in beginning of wiki for reference)
3.) Idea of Caste System-- Were they allowed SOCIAL MOBILITY??? Why?KK
4. Islam is a religion and a way of life for Muslims.
5. Muslims made significant contributions to knowledge and learning, even as Europe was in the Dark Ages.
6. Muslims viewed Christians and Jews as "People of the Book", and were tolerant of their religion. JK
7. The religious tolerance that Muslims showed and their views of equality made the Islam religion more appealing to others.
8. Islam is a monotheistic religion, and Muslims believe everyone will face Judgement Day when they die.
9. The Quran (Muslim book of worship) teaches of God and provides a complete guide to a successful life.
10. The Muslim Golden Age helped the Muslim culture to spread, specifically through the trade network... LJ
Vocabulary:
1. Bedouins: Nomadic herders (used camels to cross deserts for seasonal pastureland)
2.The Quran:The sacred text of Islam
3. Islam: The religion of one who "submits themselves to God"; meaning "submission"
4. Muslim:One who submits; follows Islam
5. Mecca:Birthplace of Muhammad, where he left to Yathrib because of threat of murder, and the peoples' fear of neglecting idols and disturbing pilgrim trade; (returned to Mecca in 630 to destroy idols)
6. Beliefs of Islam:
- monotheistic
- People are responsible for their own actions; ie: person stands before God on "Judgment Day", either going to Hell for punishment or paradise
- no official priests
7. Five Duties (Pillars):- Declaration of Faith: Must worship one God - Allah, and Muhammad-the messenger
- Daily Prayer- Ritual of washing the face and then praying while facing the city of Mecca: 5 times: Morning, noon, afternoon, sundown (evening), before bed
- Giving charity to the poor- recognizing that Muslims have more than others; follow Allah's wishes of giving to those who are in need
- Fasting from sunrise to sunset during Ramadan (the holy month for Muslims)
- Going on the Hajj (Pilgrimage to Mecca) during your lifetime if able- reenact Muhammad's journey to Mecca
8. People of the Book: Jews and Christians referred to in the Quran; spiritually superior to polytheistic idol worshipers9. Sharia:The Islamic system of law that regulates moral conduct, family life, business practices, government, and other aspects of the community; interpreted by Quran........ KK
10. Caliph: Successor to Muhammad
11. Sunni: The branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad; believe that caliphs should be chosen as leaders
12. Shiites:The branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad; believe that caliphs should be descendants, divinely inspired to be leaders
13. Schism:A split or division, especially a formal split within a Christian church
14. Sufis: Muslim mystics who sought communion with God through meditation, fasting, and other rituals
15. Umayyads:A dynasty that ruled the Muslim Empire from 661 to 750 and later established a kingdom in al-Andalus
16. Sultan:An authority in the Muslim world
17. Dar al-Islam:House/abode of Islam, peace; area that linked diverse people through Islam.
18. Sakk: Arabic word for a check - developed system of banks, checks, credit
19. Calligraphy: The art of beautiful handwriting - used on art, wrote verses of Quran in calligraphy
20. Arabesque:An intricate design composed of curved lines that suggest floral shapes; pattern used on rugs, glass...LJ
21. Al-jabr:Arabic word for Algebra - developed by al-Khwarizmi
22. Hindu-Muslim differences -
- Hindu: older religion, many texts, polytheistic; caste system (little social mobility)
- Muslim: newer religion, 1 text (Quran), monotheistic; equal rights for women (social mobility)
23. Suleiman the Magnificent -Ottoman sultan during Golden Age - "lawgiver", conquered land, ruled largest empire, strengthened government.24. Mosque - (masjids) houses of worship
25. Allah - Muslim word for God
26. Hijra -Muhammad's journey from Mecca to Yathrib
27. Medina - means "City of the Prophet of Allah"; where Muhammad controlled from after hijra; where Muhammad was buried - JK
28. Muhammad- The creator of this new form of religion: Islam, the messenger of God: heard the voice of God in the cave; was a merchant in his time, soon after, merchants became respected among Muslims because of him; Main, key idea: Islam continued to spread AFTER the death of Muhammad because of the fact that he took the time to acquaint other cities with his religion DURING his lifetime-KK
Major Concepts to Know and Understand:
1. Muhammad's life:
2. Muslim Golden Age: JK
Society and the Economy
- Social mobility - status could be improved through achievements (religious, scholarly, military)
- Muslims could not be enslaved.
- Trade network
- Between 750-1350: Caravan trading routes were established throughout the Muslim Empire. Trade also introduced new ideas, such as Arabic numerals, sugar, and papermaking.
- Bought on credit, formed banks, system of accounting, checks (The word check comes from the Muslim word sakk).
- Manufacturing: Artisans from trade routes produced textiles, leather, steel, carpets. Guilds (association that regulated prices and rules for fair business) were formed for manufacturing (*Note: Guilds did not appear in Europe until the Middle Ages, and were advanced in Muslim society).
- Agriculture: Wide variety of produce, herbs were grown and sold. The Muslims organized irrigation systems to be able to grow agriculture in the desert.
Art and Literature- Arabesque - decoration was used to elaborate Mosques.
- Calligraphy - beautiful writing was used to write verses of the Quran and decorate mosques.
- Quran was used as main subject in literature.
- Muslim style reflected Greek, Roman, Persian, Indian styles.
- Used domes, arches, and minarets (spire towers) in mosques.
- Poetry was used for religion and to glorify Allah.
- Stories such as Aladdin, Ali Baba, and The Thousand and One Nights came from Indian, Persian, Greek, Jewish, Egyptian, and Turkish tales.
Learning3. Spread of Islam
4. Appeal of Islam
5. The Five Pillars of Islam:
6. Hindu and Islam Beliefs:
Hindu
Muslim
7. The Quran:
8. Sharia:
9. Caliphs:
10. Spread of Trade in Northern Africa:
PRACTICE DBQ QUESTIONS!!!!!
1. The following question is based on the picture below. For reference to a definition to outside information, scroll up
For another photo of calligraphy, please go to this website to view the image: (Sorry, the COPY PASTE was not working)
LINK!!!!!! Example of Calligraphy
How has the stylistic techniques of Muslim art influenced other countries in our modern-day world?
2. The following question is based on the primary source below; an excerpt from the Quran
" The righteous man is he who believes in God and the
Last Day, in the angels and the Scriptures and the prophets;
who for the love of God gives his wealth to his kinsfolk, to
the orphans, to the needy, to the wayfarers and to the
beggars...Such are the true believers."
- The Quran
Exerpt taken from The Muslim World chapter packet
a.) In what way does the Quran relate to other beliefs systems we are familiar with? What other pieces of literature can it be related to?
b.) Why has the religion of Islam spread so rapidly and worldwide? What is the main reason for this occurrence?
TOP TEN LIST OF KEY IDEAS A GLOBAL SMARTY NEEDS TO KNOW IN ORDER TO BE SUCCESSFUL ON THE EXAM:
1.) A clear understanding of Muhammad's life, the influences he made in Islam, and the long-term effect his religion had made on the world
2.)Five Basic Duties (Five Pillars)( See above in beginning of wiki for reference)
3.) Idea of Caste System-- Were they allowed SOCIAL MOBILITY??? Why?KK
4. Islam is a religion and a way of life for Muslims.
5. Muslims made significant contributions to knowledge and learning, even as Europe was in the Dark Ages.
6. Muslims viewed Christians and Jews as "People of the Book", and were tolerant of their religion. JK
7. The religious tolerance that Muslims showed and their views of equality made the Islam religion more appealing to others.
8. Islam is a monotheistic religion, and Muslims believe everyone will face Judgement Day when they die.
9. The Quran (Muslim book of worship) teaches of God and provides a complete guide to a successful life.
10. The Muslim Golden Age helped the Muslim culture to spread, specifically through the trade network... LJ